Orality and the Hypermedia [Group article] (bis)

First of all we have to define both concepts.  Acording to Wikiepdia HYPERMEDIA is used as a logical extension of the term hypertext in which graphics, audio, video, plain text and hyperlinks intertwine to create a generally non-linear medium of information. This term was first used in a 1965 article by Ted Nelson. There are different types of hypermedia as for example: Hyperfilms, hypertexts…

 

Orality verbal expression in society. The studying of orality can develop countries that are in poverty and help in the process of globalization. We can find the primary orality and the residual orality.

• PRIMARY ORALITY: refers to thought and its verbal expression within cultures “totally untouched by any knowledge of writing or print.”
• RESIDUAL ORALITY: refers to thought and its verbal expression in cultures that have been exposed to writing and print, but have not fully ‘interiorized’ (in McLuhan’s term) the use of these technologies in their daily lives. As a culture interiorizes the technologies of literacy, the ‘oral residue’ diminishes.

Some experts say that the HYPERMEDIA has changes the ORALITY. As Perez Tornero mentions, thanks to the hypermedia we can send an oral message from one point of the planet to another, giving a kind of ”globalisation” to the text and without realising how far the person receiving the message is. However, according to Brian and Williams, the hypermedia contributes to the worsening of the language as they, as well as networks, are opened to anybody. Besides, almost anything is accepted and owing to that, some writers transfer some of their bad acquired habits in writing from one media to another. Moreover, a big percentage of the users may write without any kind of information or taking it from poor sources.

RESOURCES:

De la escritura la hipermedia by Jose Manuel Perez Tornero from Comunidad de formadores. Retrieved: 29th August 2009, 15:58 from
http://e-formadores.redescolar.ilce.edu.mx/recursos/pdfs_tornero/escritura_hipermedia.pdf

Hypermedia. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved:29th August 2009, 15:59 from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypermedia&oldid=245357554

Orality, Literacy, Digitality . In Tarleton State University. Retrieved: 29th August 2009,16:00. From http://www.tarleton.edu/~lilly/discuss2.htm

The Hypertetxt (bis)

Hypertetxt can be definined as a special type of database system, invented by Ted Nelson in the 1960s, in which objects (text, pictures, music, programs, and so on) can be creatively linked to each other. When you select an object, you can see all the other objects that are linked to it. You can move from one object to another even though they might have very different forms. For example, while reading a document about Mozart, you might click on the phrase Violin Concerto in A Major, which could display the written score or perhaps even invoke a recording of the concerto. Clicking on the name Mozart might cause various illustrations of Mozart to appear on the screen. The icons that you select to view associated objects are called Hypertext links or buttons.

TYPES AND USES OF HYPERTETXT

Hypertext documents can either be static (prepared and stored in advance) or dynamic (continually changing in response to user input). Static hypertext can be used to cross-reference collections of data in documents, software applications, or books on CDs. A well-constructed system can also incorporate other user-interface conventions, such as menus and command lines. Hypertext can develop very complex and dynamic systems of linking and cross-referencing. The most famous implementation of hypertext is the World Wide Web (first deployed in 1992) and later added to the Internet (developed/tested c.1977).

Hypertext systems are particularly useful for organizing and browsing through large databases that consist of disparate types of information. There are several Hypertext systems available for Apple Macintosh computers and PCs that enable you to develop your own databases. Such systems are often called authoring systems . HyperCard software from Apple Computer is the most famous.

APPLICATIONS:

The first hypermedia application was the Aspen Movie Map in 1977. In 1980, Tim Berners-Lee created ENQUIRE, an early hypertext database system somewhat like a wiki. The early 1980s also saw a number of experimental hypertext and hypermedia programs, many of whose features and terminology were later integrated into the Web. Guide was the first hypertext system for personal computers.

RESOURCES:

• The hypertetxt. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved: 29th August 2009, 14:58 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext
• ¿Qués es la Web, el hypertetxo y la hypermedia?. Retrieved: 29th August 2009, 15:00 from http://www.duiops.net/manuales/faqweb/faqweb1.htm
• Hypertetxt. Webopedia. Retrieved: 29th August 2009, 15:02 from http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/H/hypertext.html

RSS (bis)

RSS is the acronym used to describe the de facto standard for the syndication of Web content. RSS is an XML-based format and while it can be used in different ways for content distribution, its most widespread usage is in distributing news headlines on the Web. A Web site that wants to allow other sites to publish some of its content creates an RSS document and registers the document with an RSS publisher. A user that can read RSS-distributed content can use the content on a different site. Syndicated content can include data such as news feeds, events listings, news stories, headlines, project updates, excerpts from discussion forums or even corporate information.

Because there are different versions of RSS, the term RSS is most frequently used as a name to mean the syndication of Web content, rather than as an acronym for its founding technology. When using the name RSS the speaker may be referring to any of the following versions of Web content syndication:

• RDF Site Summary (RSS 0.9, RSS 1.0)
• Rich Site Summary (RSS 0.91, RSS 1.0)
• Really Simple Syndication (RSS 2.0)

When using the term RSS, most will use it in reference to Rich Site Summary or the previous version called RDF Site Summary. When referring to Really Simple Syndication, it will usually be called RSS 2.0, not RSS.  There are several versions of RSS available, with the most commonly implemented version being RSS 0.91.  The most current version, however, is RSS 2.0 and it is backward-compatible with RSS 0.91. RSS was originally developed by Netscape.The RSS 2.0 specification was authored by Dave Winer.

Compare with Atom, an alternative open source XML-based Web content and metadata syndication format.

But how does RSS work?If you want to use RSS, you will have to follow these steps.Firstly, you need a RSS reader like Google reader (there are more RSS readers but this is a good one). Then, you create an account in Google reader and go to your favourite blogs. Finally, when you are in the blogs you only have to copy the feeds and add them to Google reader. You will only have to go to Google reader to see if there have been changes in your favourite blogs.

This method is very useful and more and more people are starting to use it. Try to get used  to the symbol of the photograph because you are going to see  it many times.

RESOURCES:

• RSS . In Webopedia The first encyclopedia dedicated to technology. Retrieved 28th August 2009, 17:18 from http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/R/RSS.html
• Video: RSS in Plain English.  In commoncraft.Retrieved 28th August 2009, 17:35 from http://www.commoncraft.com/store-item/rss_plain_english
• ¿ Qué es el RSS y comó es útil. In Youtube. Retrieved 28th August 2009, 17:43 from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lL_Nv7oObY

Difference between XML-HTML [Group article] (bis)

According to Wikipedia XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a set of rules for encoding documents electronically. XML’s design goals emphasize simplicity, generality, and usability over the Internet. It is a textual data format, with strong support via Unicode for the languages of the world. Although XML’s design focuses on documents, it is widely used for the representation of arbitrary data structures, for example in web services.

There are a variety of programming interfaces which software developers may use to access XML data, and several schema systems designed to aid in the definition of XML-based languages.

As of 2009, hundreds of XML-based languages have been developed,including RSS, Atom, Soap, and XHTML. XML has become the default file format for most office-productivity tools, including Microsoft Office, OpenOffice.org, AbiWord, and Apple’s iWork.

And HTML is the predominant markup language for Web pages. It provides a means to describe the structure of text-based information in a document written in tags.

XML-Training-Guide.com says that XML and HTML are different and they both have different goals. They are designed for different purposes. Some people think that xml is an advanced version of html and it has come to replace html. It is not the case. Both will be there as they are used for different purposes.

XML files are meant to hold data and data in an xml file is well described. If you look at an xml file you can say what it holds. For example if you find a number in an xml file you can find out easily what that number identifies, whether it is the number of products, or the price of a product etc. In html it is not the case.

HTML is used to display the data in a formatted way. You can apply styles and use different layouts to display the data in an html file. The data that is displayed in an html file could come from an xml file.

Resources:

• HTML. (2009, August 26). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18:28, August 25, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HTML&oldid=257683789
• Markup language. (2009, August 26). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18:36, August 25, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Markup_language&oldid=257834827
• XML-Training-Guide.com (2009, August 26). Retrieved 18:46, August 25,2009, from http://www.xml-training-guide.com/d-xml4.html

Web 2.0 (bis)

According to Wikipedia Web 2.0” refers to the second generation of web development and web design that facilitates information sahring, interoperability, user-centered design and collaboration on the World Wide Web. The advent of Web 2.0 led to the development and evolution of web-based communities, hosted services, and web applications. Examples include social-networking sites, video-sharing sites, wikis, blogs, mashups and folksonomies.

In general when we mention Web 2.0, we refer to a chain of applications and internet pages that use a kind of group intelligence to serve an interactive service, giving the user an autonomic control around his documents.

Tim O´Reilly devided it in four set of levels:

-level 3:applications that exist only on the internet to help users with an inter-human connection between them. Here we have web pages like Ebay, Wikipedia…
-level 2:some applications that can either be used offline or online but that gains when ist used online.Examples:Flirck
-level 1:applications that can be either used online or offline but gains features online. Examples: Google Docs,iTunes,…
-level 0:applications that work online as well as offline some examles of this are:yahoo, google maps,…

Resources:

• Web 2.0. (2009, August 25). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15:45, August 25, 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Web_2.0&oldid=309724425
• What is the web 2.0(2009,August 25). O´Reilly media. Retrieved 15:46, August 25,2009 from http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html
• Web 2.0 The Machine is Us/ing Us (2009, August 25). Youtube. Retrieved 15.46 August 25, 2009, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6gmP4nk0EOE

Kevin Kelly´s biography (bis)

Kevin Kelly is Senior Maverick at Wired magazine. He co-founded Wired in 1993, and served as its Executive Editor from its inception until 1999. He is currently completing a book for Viking/Penguin publishers called “What Technology Wants,” due out in the Fall 2010. He is also editor and publisher of the “Cool tools” website, which gets half a million unique visitors per month. From 1984-1990 Kelly was publisher and editor of the Whole Earth Review, a journal of unorthodox technical news. He co-founded the ongoing Hackers’ Conference, and was involved with the launch of the WELL, a pioneering online service started in 1985. He authored the best-selling “New rules for the new economy” and the classic book on decentralized emergent systems, “Out of control”.

From 1984 to 1990 Kelly was publisher and editor of the Whole Earth Review, a journal of unorthodox technical news. The non-profit Whole Earth Review (formerly called Co-Evolution Quarterly) is a small, yet influential, journal that consistently published trend-making topics years before other publications noticed them. Under Kelly’s direction and editorship, Whole Earth was the first consumer magazine to report on virtual reality, ecological restoration, the global teenager, Internet culture and artificial life (to name just a few early trends).

Kelly was a founding board member of the WELL, a Sausalito-based teleconferencing system. The WELL is a pioneering online service started in 1985 by the Point Foundation (Kelly was director of Point from 1985-1990). The WELL is considered by the growing Internet population to be a model of online culture, and a pioneer in developing online communities. It currently has 10,000 members.

Before taking up the consequences of technology, Kelly was a nomadic photojournalist. One summer he rode a bicycle 5,000 miles across America. For most of the 1970s he was a photographer in remote parts of Asia, publishing his photographs in national magazines. He wrote a monthly travel column for New Age Journal. In the early 1980s he published and edited the first magazine devoted to walking, and ran a mail order catalog specializing in budget travel around the world.

As Kelly mentions in his speech, if we had been told about the internet 10 years ago, we would have thought that person was as nutty as a fruitcake. In fact, according to Kelly, to explain the internet we should “get better in believing in the impossible”. An obvious example of the big development achieved is “Wikipedia”, which consists of a collection of articles from people all around the world. The importance of the web is exemplified by the 100 billion clicks done every day, by the 2 million e-emails sent every second and by the amount of electricity that the internet uses per year, which is the 5% of the global amount. Besides, in Kelly’s view, by the year 2040, the web will exceed humanity in processing power.

In short, and as Kelly mentions in one o his articles, “no one can escape the transforming fire of machines”.

RESOURCES:

• Kevin Kelly (editor). (2009, August 24). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18:06,August 24 2009, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Kelly_(editor)&oldid=261564305

• Predicting the next 5,000 days of the web (2009,August 24) youtube.  Retrieved August 24, 2009 18:08 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yDYCf4ONh5M
• Kevin Kelly . Retrieved August 24, 2009 18:13 http://www.kk.org/biography/